The Smoot-Hawley tariff, passed in June 1930, raised import tariffs to unprecedented levels, which virtually closed the US borders to foreign products. This generated a counterpart of the other countries, which also imposed tariffs on American products
Malcolm X was an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of black nationalism. He urged his fellow black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr.
In 1856 Franco-Russian-British peace was signed at the Congress of Paris. Cavour succeeded in having one of the sessions expressly devoted to discussing the "Italian problem": He was able to publicly defend the idea that the repression of the reactionary governments and the The policies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were the real culprits of the revolutionary anxieties that were forming throughout the peninsula and, above all, that these revolts in Italy could degenerate into a revolutionary threat to all the governments of Europe, thereby increasing the Franco-British concern in the "Italian problem".
They closed the Mississippi River to all American commerce in 1784. This made it difficult for American farmers to get their goods to international markets. Spain would eventually allow Americans to use the river, but placed a tariff for the privilege. <span />