A horizontal support of timber, stone,concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window
Tenements were apartments in poor conditions shared by many people and were overcrowded. They had communal bathrooms they had to share and consisted of very poor families. These were popular during the Great Depression because of the terrible economy in which poverty was at an all time high.
Themselves. Self improvement is key, my friend.
The government learned that they cannot ignore the demands of the people
Enlightenment thinkers believed that there should be a separation of powers (between the state and the church) and that popular rebellion against tyrannical powers should be accepted. They equally also wanted to change the political order, which they viewed as artificial (monarchy) into the natural order, such as what would later become democracy and that political power should be legitimate and by the consent of the people. There was also the notion and the theory that government should protect it's people, if they were elected by the consent of the people.