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Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher and scientist, was one of the key figures in the political debates of the Enlightenment period. Despite advocating the idea of absolutism of the sovereign, he developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought.
Hobbes was the first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed social contract theory that appeared in his 1651 work Leviathan. In it, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality.
Hobbes argued that in order to avoid chaos, which he associated with the state of nature, people accede to a social contract and establish a civil society.
One of the most influential tensions in Hobbes’ argument is a relation between the absolute sovereign and the society. According to Hobbes, society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede some rights for the sake of protection. Any power exercised by this authority cannot be resisted because the protector’s sovereign power derives from individuals’ surrendering their own sovereign power for protection.
Hobbes also included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and political philosophy. While he recognized the inalienable rights of the human, he argued that if humans wished to live peacefully, they had to give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations, in order to establish political and civil society.
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John Locke was an English philosopher, father of liberalism and of the first empiricist on the British Island. Rousseau was a French philosopher who believed that people should return to nature, as modern culture is totally neglecting it. Newton was a philosopher and scientist who among first introduced some scientific ideas that changed people's awareness of the world that surrounds them. Montesquieu focused his attention on political theories, believing that moral should be in our focus. Mather was a famous scientist from the colonies who left the greatest imprint with his work on promotion of inoculation for disease prevention
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It is interesting to stress that Locke's writing influenced many other philosopher, including Rousseau. Rousseau is probably the most famous philosopher of this period. Newton's laws are being studied in every single school across the world. Montesquieu ideas influenced Age of Revolution. Mather is also known because of his involvement in the Salem Witch Trial.
