<span>Mark Stafford and Mark Warr's reconceptualization of deterrence theory was first published in 1993. Their theory challenged the distinctions between specific and general deterrence and maintain that the same people are often subject to both specific and general deterrence. Stafford and Warr's theory of reconceptualization of deterrence is most compatible with the 18th century theories of Beccaria and Bentham. Both Beccaria and Bentham were philosophers concerned with legal and penal reform and challenged many of the distinctions of deterrence or punishment.</span>
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The Magna Carta established the idea of consultative government, an idea that is central to modern democracy. Many of the clauses of the Magna Carta controlled the ways in which the King could raise money. The King agreeing to limits on taxation was a fundamental moment in the development of democracy.
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Fertility rates tend to be higher in poorly resourced countries but due to high maternal and perinatal mortality, there is a reduction in birth rates. In developing countries children are needed as a labour force and to provide care for their parents in old age.
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