The English Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament and singed into law by King William III in 1689. It is one of the fundamental documents of English constitutional law, and marks a fundamental milestone in the progression of English society from a nation of subjects under the plenary authority of a monarch to a nation of free citizens with inalienable rights. This process was a gradual evolution beginning with the Magna Carta in 1215 and advancing intermittently as subsequent monarchs were compelled to recognize limitations on their power.
The establishment of the English Bill of Rights was precipitated by repeated abuses of power by King James II during his reign from 1685 to 1689. Among these abuses, he suspended acts of Parliament, collected taxes not authorized by law, and undermined the independence of the judiciary and the universities. He interfered in the outcome of elections and trials and refused to be bound by duly enacted laws. Furthermore, he attempted to impose Catholicism on a staunchly Protestant nation through the persecution of Protestant dissenters and the replacement of Anglican officials who refused to acquiesce in his illegal acts.<span>In November of 1688 William of Orange and his wife Mary, daughter of James II, invaded England with the popular support of the English people and much of the English nobility. He brought with him a large army comprised primarily of Dutch mercenaries, but James ultimately fled for France without significant bloodshed taking place. In January of 1689 a Convention assembled in London to determine the succession of the English Crown. The Convention was composed of former members of Parliament and functioned much like a parliament, but as Parliament had been legally disbanded and the Great Seal had been thrown in the River Thames, their acts did not formally carry the force of law.</span><span>[3]</span><span> After much debate the Convention drafted a Declaration of Rights and offered the throne of England jointly to William and Mary. After the accession of William and Mary and the formation of a legal Parliament, this Declaration was adapted to create a Bill of Rights which was signed into law, forever altering the balance of power between the sovereign and his subjects.</span>
Answer:
1.Harriet Tubman was an escaped enslaved woman who became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad, leading enslaved people to freedom before the Civil War, all while carrying a bounty on her head. But she was also a nurse, a Union spy and a women's suffrage supporter.
2. Harriet Tubman led hundreds of slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad. most common “liberty line” of the Underground Railroad, which cut inland through Delaware along the Choptank River. ... The gateway for runaway slaves heading north was Philadelphia, which had a strong Underground Railroad network.
3. During a ten-year span she made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom. And, as she once proudly pointed out to Frederick Douglass, in all of her journeys she "never lost a single passenger."
Explanation:
The Muslim Empire comprised the timespan in which three different Caliphates ruled:
- The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) which supposed the start of the Muslim Empire, established after the death of the Profet Muhammad. It was a period characterized by a quick military expansion, which took control over the following territories: the Arabian Peninsula including the Levant, the Transcaucasus region in the North, the Northern Africa area from Egypt to the current territory of Tunisia as the Western border and, finally, the Iranian plateau including parts of Central Asia and South Asia as the Eastern limit.
- The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). More conquest were achieved, and to the formerly mentioned ones, the following territories were annexed: the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (named Al-Andalus).
- The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), was the third caliphate and established its central government in Kufa, located in current Iraq. In 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad. The caliphate started to lost authority in the Western regions (Al-Andalus and Maghreb for example) but also reinforced control over territories on the East, for instance, the Mesopotamian domain.
Both armies had a shortage of clothing, food, and even rifles. Most troops lacked standard uniforms and simply wore their own clothes. The problem with volunteers was that many of them had no idea how to fight. Schoolteachers, farmers, and laborers all had to learn the combat basics of marching, shooting, and using bayonets. Both were also not prepared for the cold weather.
Mostly from grass and sod, since there werent many trees or rocks to use