Treaty of Shimonoseki. Signed on April 17, 1895.
Answer: A) having a population of more than 60,000 free adult males
This is according to Article 5 in the Northwest Ordinance (July 13, 1787) which says
"And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted".
The allies were Britain, France, Russia, the U.S., and Italy. they fought against the axis powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire
Many of the Supreme Court decisions in the 1800s further strengthened the power of the Federal Government. The first major Supreme Court case, Marbury v Madison, helped to empower the Supreme Court. Marshall gave the power of judicial review. This is the ability to declare laws unconstitutional. McCullough vs Maryland, Gibbons vs Ogden, and Worchester vs Georgia all helped to enforce the powers of the federal government primarily calling upon the "necessary and proper" clause to execute the various laws that they felt needed to be enforced.