Answer:
Kuznets Ratio = 2.62
Explanation:
Kuznet Ratio = <u>% share of income received by richest 20% </u>
% share of income received by poorest 40%
Given : The lowest 40% receives 17.3% of national income and the highest 20% receives 45.3%.
So, Kuznets Ratio = 45.3 / 17.3
= 2.62
Answer:
Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy where a company charges less than its competitors in order to entice its competitors' customers to patronise them instead.
Competitive pricing on the other hand will see a company charging the same price as its competitors.
Benefits of using Penetration pricing over Competitive
- Reduce competition - If the company engaging in penetration pricing is large enough with more influence in the market, charging less than competitors might lead to competitors leaving the market as the prices will be too meagre for them to cover costs.
- Market Dominance - using penetration pricing can lead to customers moving from the competitors to the company using penetration pricing thereby giving that company market dominance.
- Economies of scale - Penetration pricing allows the company to sell more quantity of its product which means that it will have to produce more and this will reduce average costs for the company.
Risks involved
- Price War - There is a risk of a price war if a company uses penetration pricing. A price war happens when a company reduces its prices and their competitors react by reducing their own prices as well. It might led to a situation where this continues until all the companies are making significant losses.
- Brand Image damage - Cheaper products are usually perceived as having lower quality. Reducing prices might see customers believing instead that the brand is poor and so they may avoid it.
- Attracts low loyalty - The customers gained through this strategies most often have little brand loyalty and when a better deal comes than the one they are being offered in that moment, they will leave.
Answer:
2. Begin with a grid divided into squares.
Explanation:
This is a best approach because it allows for accuracy/precision. To successfully indicate the increase in customer satisfaction on a line chart, before anything else having grid divided into squares makes it easy for her to setup her scale for the two months customer satisfaction data.
After completing this phase, then she could proceed further with the drawing of line chart; which should indicate the rate of change in customer satisfaction on the vertical axis.
Answer: False
Explanation: In simple words, perfectly competitive markets refers to the markets in which there are large number of sellers operating at a small level. The products offered by the participants are similar and there is no scope of earning unlimited profits.
The public utilities such as electricity and water is usually maintained by the govt. itself or by a private institution under the complete guidance from govt. It is seen as a monopoly market.
Hence the given statement is false.