Question

You just learned about the ideas of different Enlightenment philosophers. State any two ideas of the philosophers that you consider to be the most important for society to function effectively. Explain your response.

Answer 1

This is the right answer for Plato:

Voltaire’s idea of religious tolerance and liberty is important for a well-functioning society. Religious freedom prevents the oppression of religious minorities. It also promotes a kinder society, where people can practice their religion without discrimination. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s writings about a social contract are also important. A social contract between a government and its people promotes a sense of security. Under this agreement, a government grants its people important rights, such as the right to vote.

Answer 2

There could be any number of answers to this question, since you are allowed to choose on the basic of what you studied.  I'll suggest a couple of prominent examples here, but you should pick what stood out to you from your studies.

In political philosophy, theories on the origins of governmental authority and the structure of governments, as developed by thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau have had a huge impact on historical developments that followed, contributing to the American Revolution (esp. Locke and Montesquieu) and the French Revolution (also Voltaire and Rousseau).

In ethics, the categorical imperative approach of Immanuel Kant continues to have strong influence on ethical thinking today.  Kant stressed that we need to treat all other rational beings not as means to an end for ourselves, but as ends in themselves, equal to ourselves.  He urged that all actions need to be such that they would be sensible if applied universally to all persons.