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Ottoman (1517-1924) - Historians generally cite the beginning of the Ottoman Caliphate as 1517 CE when the Ottoman Empire took control of Cairo, Egypt. The Ottomans continued to maintain their claim as the Islamic Caliphate until 1924 when the Caliphate was abolished by Mustafa Ataturk, the first President of Turkey.
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Answer: Afghanistan, Andorra, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, San Marino, Sweden, Switzerland, Tibet, Vatican City, and Yemen were all neutral during the war.
By 1688, England had arrived at a kind of constitutional settlement but it was still grappling with two key questions, one of which was <span>b. whether a monarchy should be permanently institutionalized. And in 1701, the Act of Settlement was passed which settled the succession of the Irish and English Crowns on Protestants only. </span>
