I think it is A but I think it’s a
A euphemism<span> is a polite expression </span>used<span> in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. </span>Euphemisms<span> are </span>used <span>regularly, and there are many examples in every day language.</span>
Change "who has faced" to "who have faced"
Answer:
1) The act or process of withdrawing, especially from something hazardous, formidable, or unpleasant.
Explanation:
We can see by how it's used in the passage that it's used as a verb, not as a noun, so we can eliminate 2. There's no military forces here, and this dog isn't retiring, so I'd say your best bet is 1, since the dog is withdrawing/retreating from the whip.