Answer:
C.) Covalent
Explanation:
Oxygen and carbon are both nonmetals.
A.) is incorrect because hydrogen bonds are only formed between hydrogen and either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
B.) is incorrect because ionic bonds form between nonmetals and metals. In this situation, you have two nonmetals.
C.) is correct because covalent bonds are formed between two nonmetals. A covalent bond will form because oxygen and carbon are nonmetals.
Exotoxin virulence factor is a substance that directly damages cell membranes or enters cells and changes their function.
Exotoxin- Exotoxins are a class of soluble proteins released by bacteria that enter host cells and catalyze the covalent alteration of one or more components of the host cell in order to change the physiology of the host cell. Exotoxins are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteria- Microorganisms that are unicellular, capable of autonomous reproduction, and generally free-living are known as bacteria. In nature, bacteria are found everywhere. The foundation of all life on earth, they are architecturally basic but functionally sophisticated creatures.
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The opening and closing of ligan-gated ion channels
Answer:
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Explanation:
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.