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Spain: Had explored Mexico, Cuba, The Florida Peninsula, and more or less southern half of the Western United States, including modern day California, Southern Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.
France: French fur traders where great early explorers in North America. They mostly settled in Quebec, alongside the Saint Lawrence River, and explored surrounding region. They also explored the Midwest, following the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, from the Great Lakes, to New Orleans, a city which the French founded.
England: the english settlers and explorers mostly concentrated on the Eastern United States and modern-day Ontario
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Miranda vs Arizona: Miranda rights were added to the 5th amendment, which is the constitutional requirement for any law enforcement to read your Miranda rights to you. "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you."
DC vs Heller: Landmark decision of the US Supreme Court ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms, unconnected with service in a militia, for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home, and that the District of Columbia's handgun ban and requirement that lawfully owned rifles and shotguns be kept "unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock" violated this guarantee.
Marbury vs Madison: Established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws, statutes, and some government actions that they find to violate the Constitution of the United States.