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3 years ago

Which of the following lists the three named stars in order of increasing mass (lowest mass first)?

Mathematics

1 answer:

Helga [31]3 years ago

3 0

Answer:

Option (A)

Step-by-step explanation:

The Barnard's Star is usually considered to be a red dwarf, that is approximately six light-years away from the location of earth. It is present in the Ophiuchus constellation and forms the 4th proximate star to the sun.

Altair refers to the bright shining star present in the Aquila constellation. It forms the 12th brightest star that occurs in the night sky.

Spica is one of the proximate stars to the earth and that is extremely large having a mass of almost ten times the mass of the sun.

The mass of Barnard's star is= 2.864 × 10^29 kg

The mass of the Altair is= 3.56 × 10^30 kg

The mass of the Spica= 19.89 × 10^30 kg

The arrangement of these given stars in the increasing order are as follows-

Barnard's star (minimum) < Altair star < Spica star (maximum)

Hence, the correct answer is option (A).

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Let X and Y have the joint density f(x, y) = e −y , for 0 ≤ x ≤ y. (a) Find Cov(X, Y ) and the correlation of X and Y . (b) Find

adoni [48]

a. I assume the following definitions for covariance and correlation:

$\mathrm{Cov}[X,Y]=E[(X-E[X])(Y-E[Y])]=E[XY]-E[X]E[Y]$

$\mathrm{Corr}[X,Y]=\dfrac{\mathrm{Cov}[X,Y]}{\sqrt{\mathrm{Var}[X]\mathrm{Var}[Y]}}$

Recall that

$E[g(X,Y)]=\displaystyle\iint_{\Bbb R^2}g(x,y)f_{X,Y}(x,y)\,\mathrm dx\,\mathrm dy$

where $f_{X,Y}$ is the joint density, which allows us to easily compute the necessary expectations (a.k.a. first moments):

$E[XY]=\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\int_0^yxye^{-y}\,\mathrm dx\,\mathrm dy=3$

$E[X]=\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\int_0^yxe^{-y}\,\mathrm dx\,\mathrm dy=1$

$E[Y]=\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\int_0^yye^{-y}\,\mathrm dx=2$

Also, recall that the variance of a random variable $X$ is defined by

$\mathrm{Var}[X]=E[(X-E[X])^2]=E[X^2]-E[X]^2$

We use the previous fact to find the second moments:

$E[X^2]=\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\int_0^yx^2e^{-y}\,\mathrm dx\,\mathrm dy=2$

$E[Y^2]=\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\int_0^yy^2e^{-y}\,\mathrm dx\,\mathrm dy=6$

Then the variances are

$\mathrm{Var}[X]=2-1^2=1$

$\mathrm{Var}[Y]=6-2^2=2$

Putting everything together, we find the covariance to be

$\mathrm{Cov}[X,Y]=3-1\cdot2\implies\boxed{\mathrm{Cov}[X,Y]=1}$

and the correlation to be

$\mathrm{Corr}[X,Y]=\dfrac1{\sqrt{1\cdot2}}\implies\boxed{\mathrm{Corr}[X,Y]=\dfrac1{\sqrt2}}$

b. To find the conditional expectations, first find the conditional densities. Recall that

$f_{X,Y}=f_{X\mid Y}(x\mid y)f_Y(y)=f_{Y\mid X}(y\mid x)f_X(x)$

where $f_{X\mid Y}$ is the conditional density of $X$ given $Y$ , and $f_X$ is the marginal density of $X$ .

The law of total probability gives us a way to obtain the marginal densities:

$f_X(x)=\displaystyle\int_x^\infty e^{-y}\,\mathrm dy=\begin{cases}e^{-x}&\text{for }x\ge0\\0&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}$

$f_Y(y)=\displaystyle\int_0^ye^{-y}\,\mathrm dx=\begin{cases}ye^{-y}&\text{for }y\ge0\\0&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}$

Then it follows that the conditional densities are

$f_{X\mid Y}(x\mid y)=\begin{cases}\frac1y&\text{for }0\le x$

$f_{Y\mid X}(y\mid x)=\begin{cases}e^{x-y}&\text{for }0\le x$

Then the conditional expectations are

$E[X\mid Y=y]=\displaystyle\int_0^y\frac xy\,\mathrm dy\implies\boxed{E[X\mid Y=y]=\frac y2}$

$E[Y\mid X=x]=\displaystyle\int_x^\infty ye^{x-y}\,\mathrm dy\implies\boxed{E[Y\mid X=x]=x+1}$

c. I don't know which theorems are mentioned here, but it's probably safe to assume they are the laws of total expectation (LTE) and variance (LTV), which say

$E[X]=E[E[X\mid Y]]$

$\mathrm{Var}[X]=E[\mathrm{Var}[X\mid Y]]+\mathrm{Var}[E[X\mid Y]]$

We've found that $E[X\mid Y]=\frac Y2$ and $E[Y\mid X]=X+1$ , so that by the LTE,

$E[X]=E[E[X\mid Y]]=E\left[\dfrac Y2\right]\implies E[Y]=2E[X]$

$E[Y]=E[E[Y\mid X]]=E[X+1]\implies E[Y]=E[X]+1$

$\implies2E[X]=E[X]+1\implies\boxed{E[X]=1}$

Next, we have

$\mathrm{Var}[X\mid Y]=E[X^2\mid Y]-E[X\mid Y]^2=\dfrac{Y^2}3-\left(\dfrac Y2\right)^2\implies\mathrm{Var}[X\mid Y]=\dfrac{Y^2}{12}$

where the second moment is computed via

$E[X^2\mid Y=y]=\displaystyle\int_0^y\frac{x^2}y\,\mathrm dx=\frac{y^2}3$

In turn, this gives

$E\left[\dfrac{Y^2}{12}\right]=\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\int_0^y\frac{y^2e^{-y}}{12}\,\mathrm dx\,\mathrm dy\implies E[\mathrm{Var}[X\mid Y]]=\frac12$

$\mathrm{Var}[E[X\mid Y]]=\mathrm{Var}\left[\dfrac Y2\right]=\dfrac{\mathrm{Var}[Y]}4\implies\mathrm{Var}[E[X\mid Y]]=\dfrac12$

$\implies\mathrm{Var}[X]=\dfrac12+\dfrac12\implies\boxed{\mathrm{Var}[X]=1}$

5 0

3 years ago