Answer:
3' TACCGCAAA 5'
Explanation:
Transcription is the process by which a particular DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA sequence that grows in a 5′ → 3′ direction. This RNA molecule is usually a messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then used to synthesize a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) by a process called translation. The complementary RNA molecule produced during transcription is synthesized according to the base pair rules, i.e., Adenine (A) bases always pair with Thymine (T) bases, while Guanine (G) bases always pairs with Cytosine (C) bases. In RNA, Uracil (U) bases pair with adenine, thereby replacing thymines during transcription.
Answer:
Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
Explanation:
The structure of a typical antibody molecule
Antibodies are the secreted form of the B-cell receptor. An antibody is identical to the B-cell receptor of the cell that secretes it except for a small portion of the C-terminus of the heavy-chain constant region. In the case of the B-cell receptor the C-terminus is a hydrophobic membrane-anchoring sequence, and in the case of antibody it is a hydrophilic sequence that allows secretion. Since they are soluble, and secreted in large quantities, antibodies are easily obtainable and easily studied. For this reason, most of what we know about the B-cell receptor comes from the study of antibodies.
Antibody molecules are roughly Y-shaped molecules consisting of three equal-sized portions, loosely connected by a flexible tether. Three schematic representations of antibody structure, which has been determined by X-ray crystallography, are shown in Fig. 3.1. The aim of this part of the chapter is to explain how this structure is formed and how it allows antibody molecules to carry out their dual tasks—binding on the one hand to a wide variety of antigens, and on the other hand to a limited number of effector molecules and cells. As we will see, each of these tasks is carried out by separable parts of the molecule. The two arms of the Y end in regions that vary between different antibody molecules, the V regions. These are involved in antigen binding, whereas the stem of the Y, or the C region, is far less variable and is the part that interacts with effector cells and molecules.
Answer:
the frequency of the resistant allele after one generation is 0.989
Explanation:
Given that :
A farmer plants Bt cotton that is genetically modified to produce its own insecticide.
Of the cotton bollworms feeding on these Bt plants, only 5% survive
i.e the survival rate s = 5% =0.05
unless they have at least one copy of the dominant resistance allele R that confers resistance to the Bt insecticide
Frequency of R allele = 0.01
In order to determine what will the frequency of the resistance allele be after one generation of cotton bollworms fed on Bt cotton; we need to first determine the frequency of the recessive allele r.
According to Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium ;
p+q = 1
Let p = R and q = r
R + r = 1
0.01 + r = 1
r = 1 - 0.01
r = 0.99
Now; the frequency of the resistance allele after one generation can be calculated as :
where ;
q' = R
q = r
q' = 0.989
Thus; the frequency of the resistant allele after one generation is 0.989
