1519 (March 4): The Spaniards land in what is now Veracruz. The natives greet him with gifts. A contingent from Tenochtitlán also arrives with gifts. Cortes showed force and demonstrated his canons, terrifying the messengers.
Cortes sinks all the ships except one small vessel, and moves to the city-state of Tlaxcala. Generally speaking they begin on friendly terms.
The Spanish went on to Cholula. It's unclear what happened, but in the end many people in the city were killed by the Spanish.
1519 (Nov 8): Cortes and army arrives at Tenochtitlán, and begin on good terms. However, Cortes takes charge and demands tribute and some Roman Catholic shrines to replace the Aztec gods.
Cortes returns to the coast to defeat a rival Spanish army. The remaining soldiers join him.
The Aztecs revolt, driving the Spanish from the city. Cuitláhuac becomes emperor.
The Spanish go to Tlaxcala and make an alliance with them.
Most Aztec cities are conquered, and a siege of Tenochtitlán begins.
1521 (13 August): The last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, surrenders to Cortes.
Among the natural disasters or natural dangers that a farmer of the Middle East could face, the most common are:
Drought: One of the main problems in the Middle East is droughtiness. Water scarcity have always been a problem in this region and being a farmer in the middle of this situation could result in big problems when you grow your crops. A way to prevent this natural danger, would be by having enough water storage near the farm or crops and a better water management. It is highly important to check Drought monitors or Drought impacts to study where the farm could be less affected by this rough season.
Flooding: opposite to droughtiness, we could have the other face of the coin, that is tons of water that could negatively hit the crops. The pro during this season is that water can be storage in great amounts for the previous season, however, during this situation would be useful to count with channels that could spread the water and to invest in infrastructure that could save the crops from getting tons of water into them. And once again, check the recent studies of the previous weather reports.
Reign of Terror also known as the Great Fear (La Grande Peur), although it didn't start until September 1793. I couldn't find anything else to fit that time frame.
I believe it is A. religious wars and conflicts related to the beliefs of the two largest faiths.