Answer:
Eukaryotic ATP production usually takes place in the mitochondria of the cell.
Explanation:
This ATP production by the mitochondria is done by the process of respiration, which in essence is the use of oxygen in a process which generates energy. Most of the ATP of a eukaryotic organism is made in the mitochondria during the last phase of cellular respiration that is called the electron transport chain (ETC). A mitochondrion is an organelle within a eukaryotic cell.
The antigen-binding sites of an antibody molecule are formed from the molecule's variable regions which are described as so because their amino acid sequences can be different on different antibodies.
The specificity of antibodies is determined by the variable regions found at their endpoints. Antibodies are specialized proteins secreted by B-cells of the immune system. They are also called immunoglobulins. They contain four polypeptide chains that comprise two heavy chains and two light chains to form a Y-shaped molecule.
The variable regions, more specifically the hypervariable regions of an antibody, have a high ratio of different amino acids with the most common amino acids provided in one place. The variable region serves as the antigen-binding site while the constant region found below the variable region is determined to invade the antigen.
Antibodies are preserved in our body to identify the antigen the next time it encounters. They send the signals to the other body parts to reject the antigen and invade it.
To know more about variable regions of antibodies, refer to the following link:
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Answer:
The correct answer is: Attachment.
Explanation:
- Pilus are thread like structures which are present on the surface of the bacterial cell.
- They are mainly responsible for attaching the bacterial cells to a substrate, for obtaining food or to an eukaryotic cell for the purpose of infection.
- Pilus also mediate the process of conjugation in some bacterial cells.
- Conjugation is a process by which genetic material or plasmids are transferred from one bacteria to another through a channel formed in between the two bacteria by the help of the pilus.
- Pilus also helps the bacteria by preventing them from getting recognised by the immune cells in the host.
- A defective pilus will affect all the above processes, resulting in death of the bacteria.
For the first question, the age of each strip of rock is needed to determine the rate of seafloor spreading. The answer is B.
For the second question, the answer is A.
