<span>Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain who were competing for power within European power politics.</span>
Answer:
established that federal laws superceded state laws.
Explanation:
McCullough Vs Maryland case of 1819 was the first case to showcase the power relation between the state and the federal government. The case between the power of the federal government to create a second National Bank and the power to tax it by a state because it was lying within its boundaries. The Supreme Court's decision which justifies the Second National Bank and declaring the state's ability to interfere with the federal government is limited. The decision turned out that the state of Maryland could not impose a tax on the federal government.
It was in ruins and needed reconstruction.
The Confederacy wanted to gain control of the fort because it had a strategic naval advantage.
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If the independent agency exercises any type of executive powers such as imposition or enforcement (and most of them do), Congress can not participate in the process of habitual dismissal of the commissioners. Constitutionally, Congress can only participate directly in impeachment proceedings. The Congress may, however, pass statutes that limit the circumstances under which the President may dismiss the commissioners of the independent agencies. Members of Congress can not serve as commissioners on independent agencies that hold executive powers, nor can Congress appoint commissioners, the Constitution Appointment Clause confers that power on the President. The Senate can participate, however, in appointments through "advice and consent", which occurs through confirmation hearings and votes on candidates of the President.