Rurik was a legendary Varangian chieftain who gained control of Ladoga in 862.
Hope this helps
A marland was the firat propreitary coloney
Generally speaking, yes, many of the early philosophes were optimistic about the future of humankind because they saw in man an individual nature that was separate from that which ties man to the state or polis--meaning that they saw in man an unrestricted ability to achieve any goal.
The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention devastating economic problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice in November 1918 - they called them the November criminals.
(what google says)