If valence electron i.e electron from 3s orbital is removes, sodium will have configuration same as Neon with a +1 charge on it.
Hence charge on the ion will be +1.
Answer:
The number of polarizer needed so transmitted light has at least 12% intensity = 17
Explanation:
Given :
Angle between incident light and optic axis of polarizer = 20°
Given that, the transmission axis of each additional analyzer is rotated 20° relative to the transmission axis of the previous one
According to the malus law,
The intensity of the transmitted light passes through the polarizer is proportional to the square of the cosine of angle between the transmission axis to the optic axis.
⇒ ![I = I_{o} cos^{2} \alpha](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=I%20%3D%20I_%7Bo%7D%20cos%5E%7B2%7D%20%5Calpha)
Where,
transmitted intensity through polarizer,
incident intensity of the light.
Given in question, all the time
20°
By calculation ∴ ![cos^{2} 20 = 0.883](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=cos%5E%7B2%7D%2020%20%3D%200.883)
After 1st polarizer,
∴ ![I_{1} = 0.883I_{o}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=I_%7B1%7D%20%3D%200.883I_%7Bo%7D)
Now we need to multiply all the time 0.883 until we get 0.12 (relative 20° angle given in question)
After 17th polarizer we get 0.1205 ≅ 0.12
% ![I_{o}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=I_%7Bo%7D)
Means we get 12% intensity after 17th polarizing disk.
A
. retaining gases around Earth to form the atmosphere ... gravity
B. stratifying the atmosphere into layers ... gravity
C. movements of tectonic plates ... gravity & buoyancy
D. spreading of the sea floor ... gravity & buoyancy
E. deflecting cosmic rays ... <em>Earth's magnetic field</em>
Global climate change is a change in the atmosphere that occurs all over the planet simultaneously. Although these changes have occurred in certain periods in a natural way, we are currently facing global climatic changes caused by human activities, which have inconsequentially modified the natural harmony of climatic conditions.
The climate change we are currently experiencing refers to global warming, where the earth's temperature is increasing on an alarming and worrying scale. Global warming has caused the melting of the polar ice caps, harmed marine life, increased the surface temperature of the oceans, caused droughts and floods, in addition to promoting an abnormal and harmful sensation to living beings.
These changes are the result of the constant use of fossil fuels, deforestation, pollution and other human activities that have degraded nature and the atmosphere. This is because these activities, mainly the use of fossil fuels, promote a large production of carbon dioxide, which, when released into the atmosphere, causes holes in the ozone layer that protects our planet from the sun's rays. With the depletion of the ozone layer, the planet is left unprotected and receives sun rays at harmful intensities.
Therefore, we can conclude that the global climate changes that we are experiencing are the consequences of our own actions and that is why it is our responsibility to repair the damage caused by global warming and to promote measures that reduce it.
Answer:
Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a larger nucleus, and a small amount of mass is converted into energy.