An international conflict taking place in northern Europe from 1618 to 1648. The war was fought between Catholics and Protestants and also drew in the national armies of France, Sweden, Spain, Denmark, and the Habsburg dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire.
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that was born in Florence, Italy, and aimed at transforming the dogmatic thinking of the time through the ideas of humanism. This means seeing the world in different ways using art, philosophy, science and politics to create a new vision of man and his role in the world. The deep sleep to which Erasmus refers is the backwardness that was lived at the time in the sixteenth century that was due to the obscurantism in which dogmatic and rigid ideas predominated, for which the rebirth was the awakening of society in which knowledge becomes the fundamental pillar and no longer religion. In this way the theocentrism is abandoned and this allowed for example the discovery of new lands that would later be colonized, discoveries are made in astrology and revolutionary ideas arise as those of Copernico and his heliocentric theory.
<span>Cesare Beccaria believed that swift and timely punishment would have greater influence on people's motivation to obey laws. He believed the punishment should be equal to the harm done as in an eye for an eye. Though oddly he disagreed with the death penalty.</span>
It was led by <span> Cromwell.</span>
Black codes were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War.
