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Lerok [7]
3 years ago
15

How are viruses able to move between species?

Biology
2 answers:
yulyashka [42]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

dfcbqwk/jbc/kewjabds mnd

Explanation:

Lemur [1.5K]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

through the spread of bacteria

Explanation:

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Answer:d

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2 years ago
1. An anthropologist lives with the Kpelle (pronounced pe-lay) of West Africa. He writes about what it felt like to live in the
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The earth is considered to be in the Goldilocks zone.why?
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Okay I am good with it’s not like the mice
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3 years ago
2. List three sources of error that could account for the differences between your values for the enthalpy of fusion of water an
Dvinal [7]

1 trial :  nothing is given for result comparision - so we have no idea if it's a mistake.

2nd trial : The results can be compared - if varies, one may go wrong, but which one?

3rd trial : If 3rd result is different from 1st and 2nd, it is unreliable.

calculating enthalpy of fusion. M, C and m,c = mass and specific heat of calorimeter and water, n, L = mass and heat of fusion of ice; T = temperature fall.

L = (mc+MC)T/n.

c=4.18 J/gK. assuming copper calorimeter , so C=0.385 J/gK.

1. M = 409g, m = 45g. T = 22c, n = 14g

L = (45*4.18+409*0.385)*22/14 = 543.0 J/g.

2. M = 409g, m = 49g, T = 20c, n = 13g

L = (49*4.18+409*0.385)*20/13 = 557.4 J/g.

3. M = 409g, m = 54g, T = 20c, n = 14g

L = (54*4.18+409*0.385)*20/14 = 547.4 J/g.

(i) Estimate error in L from spread of 3 results.

Average L = 549.3 J/g.

squared differences average (variance) = (6.236^2+8.095^2+1.859^2)/3 = 35.96

standard deviation = 5.9964

standard error = SD/(N-1) = 5.9964/2 = 3 J/g approx.

% error = 3/547 x 100% = 0.5%.

(ii) Estimate error in L from accuracy of measurements:

error in masses = +/-0.5g

error in T = +/-0.5c

For Trial 3

M = 409g, error = 0.5g

m = 463-409, error = sqrt(0.5^2+0.5^2) = 0.5*sqrt(2)

n =(516-463)-(448-409)=14, error = 0.5*sqrt(4) = 1.0g

K = (mc+MC)=383, error = sqrt[2*(0.5*4.18)^2+(0.5*0.385)^2] = 2.962

L = K*T/n

% errors are

K: 3/383 x 100% = 0.77

T: 0.5/20 x 100% = 2.5

n: 1.0/14 x 100% = 7.14

% errors in K and T are << error in n, so ignore them.

% error in L = same as in n = 7% x 547.4 = 40

The result is (i) L= 549 +/- 3 J/g or (ii) L = 550 +/- 40 J/g.

Both are very far above  334 J/g, so there is at least one systematic error  

e.g: calorimeter may not be copper, so C is not 0.385 J/gK. (If it was polystyrene, which absorbs/ transmits little heat, the effective value of C would be very low, reducing L.)

Using +/- 40 is best.

However, the spread in the actual results is much smaller

* measurements were "fiddled" to get better results; other Trials were made but only best 3 were chosen.

<h3>Other sources of error: </h3>

L=(mc+MC)T/n is too high, so n (ice melted) may be too small, or T (temp fall) too high - why?

* we have assumed initial and final temperature of ice was 0c, it may actually have been colder, so less ice would melt -which explain small values of n

* some water might have been left in container when unmelted ice was weighed (eg clinging to ice) - again this could explain small n;

* poor insulation - heat gained from surroundings, melting more ice, increasing n - but this would reduce measured L below 334 J/g not increase it.

* calorimeter still cold from last trial when next one started, not given time to reach same temperature as water - this would reduce n.

3 0
3 years ago
Clathrin coated vesicles bud from eukaryotic plasma membrane fragments when adaptor proteins, clathrin and dynamin-GTP are added
KonstantinChe [14]

Answer: Clathrin cages assemble, vesicles form but cannot be pinched of but no disassembly occurs so the vesicles remain coated in clathrin.

Explanation:

Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism that allows the introduction of extracellular material into the cell. Clathrin-coated vesicles act to incorporate different molecules that are recognized by specific proteins located in the clathrin-coated pits. Upon invagination of a portion of the plasma membrane, the material is transported to its final intracellular destination.

<u>Clathrin is a protein that forms the lining of cell membrane microcavities where various receptors are located. Once a particle is recognized by the receptors, invagination of the plasma membrane occurs, which then fuses to form an endocellular vesicle.</u> When vesicle budding occurs, the vesicle is detached from its attachment to the membrane with the help of a GTPase protein called dynamin. Then, the vesicle is freed from clathrin by the action of a type of ATP-ase called Hsp70-ATP and docks to late endosomes that are immediate precursors of lysosomes, fusing the membranes of both. The fission of the clathrin-coated vesicle is controlled by the GTPase dynamin and it has been proposed that dynamin acts by generating the necessary force to strangle the "neck" and cleave the vesicles from the membrane. So they are mainly involved in the cleavage of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cell compartment, their orientation, and their fusion with another compartment. Also, without the dynamin, vesicles are not freed from clathrin.

<u>In the absence of dynamin, vesicles are formed but the membrane fusion or pinching off will not occur. Then, invaginated coated pits will be found.</u>

7 0
2 years ago
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