Respect and obey federal, state, and local laws. Respect the rights, beliefs, and opinions of others. Pay income and other taxes honestly, and on time, to federal, state, and local authorities. Defend the country if the need should arise.
Martin Luther was raised in the church with a solid education in the church's teachings and in the art of scholarly debate. He spent time living as a monk, knowing the Catholic Church's spiritual path from that perspective. As a monk, he had traveled to Rome and seen the corruption that was evident there, which shocked him. He had studied deeply to become a Doctor of Theology and taught theology at the University of Wittenberg. He had the training and stature to contend with the powerful leaders within the Catholic Church, because his own scholarship and skill were second to none. And he personally had experienced the overwhelming sense of guilt that the scholastic theology of the church had imposed on him, in contrast to the message of grace in Christ that he found when studying the Bible itself.
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Private property promotes efficiency by giving the owner of resources an incentive to maximize its value. The more valuable a resource, the more trading power it provides the owner of the resource. This is because, in a capitalist system, someone who owns property is entitled to any value associated with the property.
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The 1920s were a period of dramatic changes. More than half of all Americans now lived in cities and the growing affordability of the automobile made people more mobile than ever. Although the decade was known as the era of the Charleston dance craze, jazz, and flapper fashions, in many respects it was also quite conservative. At the same time as hemlines went up and moral values seemed to decline, the nation saw the end of its open immigration policy, the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, and the trial of a Tennessee high‐school teacher for teaching evolution.
The Red Scare and immigration policy. In the first few years after World War I, the country experienced a brief period of antiradical hysteria known as the Red Scare. Widespread labor unrest in 1919, combined with a wave of bombings, the Communists in power in Russia, and the short‐lived Communist revolt in Hungary, fed the fear that the United States was also on the verge of revolution. Under the direction of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, thousands of suspected radicals were arrested in 1919 and 1920; those that were aliens were deported. Although the Red Scare faded quickly after 1920, it strengthened the widespread belief in a strong connection between foreigners and radicalism. The bias against foreigners was exemplified in the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian‐born, self‐admitted anarchists who, in 1920, were indicted for robbery and murder in Massachusetts; they were found guilty and sentenced to death in July 1921. Their supporters claimed that they were convicted for their ethnic background and beliefs rather than on conclusive evidence. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in August 1927 after all their appeals were exhausted.
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In ancient Athens, voting on major legislation (including acts of war and new laws) was conducted using "<span>d. raising their hands for or against proposed legislation". Shouting and tossing coins would have been impractical. </span>
