The late 19th-century United States is probably best known for the vast expansion of its industrial plant and output. At the heart of these huge increases was the mass production of goods by machines. This process was first introduced and perfected by British textile manufacturers.
In the century since such mechanization had begun, machines had replaced highly skilled craftspeople in one industry after another. By the 1870s, machines were knitting stockings and stitching shirts and dresses, cutting and stitching leather for shoes, and producing nails by the millions. By reducing labor costs, such machines not only reduced manufacturing costs but lowered prices manufacturers charged consumers. In short, machine production created a growing abundance of products at cheaper prices.
Mechanization also had less desirable effects. For one, machines changed the way people worked. Skilled craftspeople of earlier days had the satisfaction of seeing a product through from beginning to end. When they saw a knife, or barrel, or shirt or dress, they had a sense of accomplishment. Machines, on the other hand, tended to subdivide production down into many small repetitive tasks with workers often doing only a single task. The pace of work usually became faster and faster; work was often performed in factories built to house the machines. Finally, factory managers began to enforce an industrial discipline, forcing workers to work set--often very long--hours.
One result of mechanization and factory production was the growing attractiveness of labor organization. To be sure, craft guilds had been around a long time. Now, however, there were increasing reasons for workers to join labor unions. Such labor unions were not notably successful in organizing large numbers of workers in the late 19th century. Still, unions were able to organize a variety of strikes and other work stoppages that served to publicize their grievances about working conditions and wages. Even so, labor unions did not gain even close to equal footing with businesses and industries until the economic chaos of the 1930s.
Micronesia has a total land area about the size of the state of Rhode Island.
Very smooth surfaces such as glass mirrors and polished metals
First i divided but got 1 r9 so i rounded the quotient up. i rounded the remainder up, and got 10, but rounding the actual quotient up, i would say about 2. so i added 2 and 10 together and got 12. then i multiplied 40 by 12 and got 120. so, they got 120 inches of rain in a 31 day month
Life expectancy around the year 1800 was only about 36 years, so "middle age" (or median of lifespans) would be only about 17 or 18 years of age. By the time young people reached their late teens, they typically were expected to be working, married and carrying adult responsibilities.
Those life expectancy numbers can be a little misleading, though. A main reason that average life expectancy was only in the mid-30s is because infant mortality rates were very high. For persons who survived their childhood into adulthood, there was a good chance they lived to a much older age than 30-something.
