Bottleneck is the term used to define chance changes in the frequency of alleles which have a significant effect on small populations. The effect is that the population is greatly reduced because of the change in the allele frequency. A genetic drift will follow which will expedite evolution.
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For number one, the shadows are longest at sunrise and sunset, and these are different from the ones cast at noon because they are longest and darkest. Hope this helped! I'll probably come back to help with the second one after I do more research :)
It would be b)Venus i think