The important point is that the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger and as volume increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases. The larger a cell, the less easily it can get rid of waste and it also has more trouble getting water, nutrients and gases in. That is why we do not see giant cells. Instead we see multiple cells in larger organisms.
One way to increase surface area is to flatten the cell. That is why red blood cells are flat discs, instead of spheres. Another way is elongation. That is why many bacteria are rod shaped, and why neurons are elongated. In fact, the human body relies on the same principle to adapt to climate. Long tall and lean folks with long arms and legs live in East Africa, because such shapes increase surface area to get rid of excess body heat to avoid heat strokes. Europeans and Asians adapted to cold climates, in contrast, have shorter arms and legs and rounder torsos to minimize surface area. to conserve body heat.
Oldest to youngest
Sandstone with trilobite → limestone with crinoid → shale with ammonite → conglomerate
According to the rule of superposition, rock strata (layers) that are the furthest from the ground's surface are the oldest (formed earliest) and those that are the nearest to it are the youngest (formed most recently).
<h3>What is a Rock ?</h3>
A rock is a dense mass of mineral grains that have grown or been cemented together over time. There are big rocks and little rocks. Pebbles are little rocks. One or more minerals can be found in every rock.
- According to how they were formed, rocks are categorised by geologists (those who study rocks and minerals).
- Among the physical characteristics of rocks are density, porosity, and permeability. Elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and rock strength are the primary characteristics of rocks in terms of mechanics.
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