Answer: the county of Edessa (1097–1150); the principality of Antioch (1098–1287) this is for number 2
1. When Pope Urban had said these and very many similar things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present that they cried out, ‘It is the will of God! It is the will of God!’’’
So wrote the monk Robert of Rheims in his Historia Hierosolymitana (‘History of Jerusalem’) during the early 1100s. Some years earlier, on 27 November 1095, Urban II preached a public sermon outside the town of Clermont in central France, summoning Christians to take part in the First Crusade, a new form of holy war. It was a carefully stage-managed event, in which the pope’s representative, the papal legate Adhémar of Le Puy, supposedly moved by the pope’s eloquence, tore up strips of cloth to make crosses for the crowds. Urban had been travelling through France accompanied by a large entourage from Italy, dedicating cathedrals and churches and presiding over reforming councils, and his proposed crusade was part of a wider programme of church reform. In March that year, at the Council of Piacenza, a desperate Byzantine emperor, Alexius I Comnenus, had pleaded for western help against the Seljuk Turks, whose conquests were decimating Byzantium and preventing Christians from reaching pilgrimage sites. Urban wanted to extend the hand of friendship to the Orthodox church and to heal the schism with Catholicism, which had gone from bad to worse since the time of his predecessor Leo IX.
We have a number of accounts of Urban’s speech, contemporary and later, although they differ somewhat in what they record. Yet we know that he called on knights to vow to fight in a penitential pilgrimage on Christ’s behalf, in a war to defend the Holy Land from Muslim oppressors, and that he used the Christian symbol of the cross as an emotive sign of commitment to the enterprise. Urban promised the crowds that crusading would not just benefit the church and European Christian society but their own souls, since all sins, past and present, would be wiped away through his dramatic promise of the ‘remission of sins’.
Explanation:
Answer:
<h2>d) All of the choices are correct.</h2>
Explanation:
The French Revolution was a movement of the Third Estate (as the commoner class was known) against the elites who controlled all power in France. The 3rd Estate was the bulk of the people (98% of the population), all considered "commoners." (The clergy and nobility were the 1st and 2nd Estates.) So, the 3rd Estate included those from a wealthy, bourgeois wine merchant to a day laborer in the city or a peasant farmer in the countryside. The initial leaders of the Revolution came from a bourgeois background.
When the Revolution began, it was difficult for the bourgeois leaders to manage the new government in a way that met the concerns and demands of the poorer classes (city workers and rural peasants). So the discontent of the poor and the peasants were a problem for the French National Convention. So too was the rise of the Jacobin movement, a more radical group which challenged the more conservative Girondists for power. The "Girondists" were named after the Gironde region, a wine producing region. Wealthier bourgeois types (like wine merchants) were the sort of persons in the Girondist group. The Jacobins were adamant about establishing equality for all persons in France, whereas the Girondists at times seemed more concerned about protecting the interests of businessmen for the sake of a profitable business environment.
They aligned with the south because they were they when ty is happening
C deciding the constitutionality of a state law that requires drivers to wear seatbelts.
