The answer to your question is Germany.
Black nationalism, or "Black Power" as it is sometimes known focused on black people improving their own communities, rather than fighting for full integration into American society as a whole.
Assuming that you're referring to President Roosevelt, i think he believed that the government could best bring social and economic change.
This proved by his action when he signed the New Deal to handle the horrific depression in our coutnry
The ghazu were military expeditions or raids and after the emergence of Islam meant religious warfare. Ummah is a word from the Arabic language which means nation or community. It is commonly used to describe the collective community of people who practice the religion of Islam.
