Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assaults continued even after passage of the fourteenth amendment, which outlawed explicit statutory racial discrimination, it is one of the post-Civil War amendments, and includes, among others, the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause, it was proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868, the amendment provides a broad definition of national citizenship, which overrides the decision of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which had excluded slaves and their descendants, from possessing constitutional rights,
