Fortress Defiance was set up on September 18, 1851 lead by Edwin V. Sumner to make a military nearness in Diné bikéyah. Sumner separated the stronghold at Santa Fe for this reason, making the principal military post in what is presently Arizona. He cleared out Major Electus Backus in control.
Viceroyalties were instiutions created by the Spanish monarchy to incorporate the colonized lands in America in the administration engines of the Empire. A viceroyalty was ruled by viceroy, a direct subordinates of the King, and was considered a province within the Empire and not a colony anymore.
The two viceroyalties existing in America prior to 1717 were:
- Viceroyalty of New Spain. It contained the current territory of Mexico, together with Southwestern states from the current US. It was the first one created by the Spanish in America in 1535.
- Viceroyalty of Peru, created in 1542, which contained almost the whole territory ruled by the Spanish in South America.
