B. Scholars revived an interest in classical ideas.
In October 1962, American ships blocked Soviet ships carrying missiles from going into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America promised not to attack Cuba. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Kennedy administration secretly agreed to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey in exchange for the withdrawal of all Russian nuclear weapons from Cuba. However, it is not decided if anyone "won". The USSR lost China's support over it.
Yes. Only in the sense that it would have been slower.
Byzantium was the Ancient name of present-day Istanbul. It was also known with the name of Constantinople for a period in Ancient Antiquity. On the other hand, Gaul was the name given by the Romans to the territory where present day Gauls lived. It is roughly equivalent to areas of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
If a Roman citizen were to walk across that land in a straight line, he would cover about 1,500 miles.