The Hamburg Massacre (or Red Shirt Massacre or Hamburg riot) was a key event in the African American town of Hamburg, South Carolina in July 1876, leading up to the last election season of the Reconstruction Era. It was the first of a series of civil disturbances planned and carried out by white Democrats in the majority-black Republican Edgefield District, with the goal of suppressing black voting, disrupting Republican meetings, and suppressing black Americans civil rights, through actual and threatened violence.[1]
Beginning with a dispute over free passage on a public road, the massacre was rooted in racial hatred and political motives. A court hearing attracted armed white "rifle clubs," colloquially called the "Red Shirts". Desiring to regain control of state governments and eradicate the civil rights of black Americans, over 100 white men attacked about 30 black servicemen of the National Guard at the armory, killing two as they tried to leave that night. Later that night, the Red Shirts tortured and murdered four of the militia while holding them as prisoners, and wounded several others. In total, the events in Hamburg resulted in the death of one white man and six black men with several more blacks being wounded. Although 94 white men were indicted for murder by a coroner's jury, none were prosecuted.
The events were a catalyst in the overarching violence in the volatile 1876 election campaign. There were other episodes of violence in the months before the election, including an estimated 100 blacks killed during several days in Ellenton, South Carolina, also in Aiken County. The Southern Democrats succeeded in "redeeming" the state government and electing Wade Hampton III as governor. During the remainder of the century, they passed laws to establish single-party white rule, impose legal segregation and "Jim Crow," and disenfranchise blacks with a new state constitution adopted in 1895. This exclusion of blacks from the political system was effectively maintained into the late 1960s.
Explanation:
Action Research is an approach that brings together researchers and end users (theory and practice) to give practical outcomes through a process of shared knowledge creation that gives the end users to undertake practice change.
False..The first direct entry into the field of transportation,beginning in 1881 was the construction of the national road from Maryland to Illinois.
Answer:
d. Either A or C
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it can be said that Big Corp will likely win if it can establish as a defense that either Pam was denied the promotion for legitimate non-discriminatory reasons or the denial of the promotion was based on mixed motives. Any of these two defenses would tell the court that there were other reasons as to why Pam was denied the promotion and it is not due to gender, which would make Pam's argument invalid.
Answer:
organization
Explanation:
so that they stay in their designated areas and perform the functions they are required to do if not everything would be all over the place and be a MESS
