Answers:
a) carcinogenic
b) anti-carcinogenic
c) carcinogenic
d) carcinogenic
e) carcinogenic
f) anti-carcinogenic
g) anti-carcinogenic
h) anti-carcinogenic
Explanation:
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression through the cell cycle, i.e., the transition of G1 to S phase. It is well known that high cyclin expression may lead to cell proliferation states, which is closely associated with cancer progression. Moreover, the blockage of cyclins may have an anti-carcinogenic effect by inhibiting the progression through the cell cycle. MAP kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the progression through the cell cycle by phosphorylating a variety of substrates during cell proliferation. In consequence, phosphatases that inactivate MAPK kinases (i.e., by dephosphorylation) may have an anticarcinogenic effect. The p53 is a tumor suppressor protein involved in diverse cellular processes including DNA repair, cycle arrest and programmed cell death. This protein (p53) is activated by phosphorylation at target residues and phosphatases inactivate it, thereby the blockage of its degradation may have an anticarcinogenic effect. Oncogene activation (i.e., the expression of oncogenes), may alter diverse cellular processes including DNA replication, and thereby may lead to cancer development. The G-protein α subunit is a GTPase that hydrolyses GTP and thus has a major role in controlling the kinetics of the G-protein signaling cascade. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) are kinase receptors that play roles in regulating cellular differentiation, cell proliferation and cell growth. PDGFR receptors are present on the surface of normal cells, however, it has been shown that mutations of the PDGFR genes that lead to their high expression lead to uncontrolled cell growth and consequently cause cancer (i.e., by increasing PDGF signaling).
The communities plus abiotic and biotic surroundings is called an ecosystem
Dislocations is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is a partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial tearing of the supporting ligaments .
4 types of musculoskeletal injuries includes repetitive strain injuries (RSIs), repetitive motion injuries, cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs).
Most common type of musculoskeletal injury is Muscle Strains, back pain, and arthritis . Muscle strains can happen due to improper technique of lifting heavy objects, lifting too much weight at one time, and repetitive movements. The key symptoms of a muscle strain are sudden pain that worsens while contracting the muscle, swelling and bruising, loss of strength and range of motion. People often report the sensation of pain as the feeling of being "stabbed." When muscle is initially injured, significant inflammation and swelling occurs.
To learn more about musculoskeletal injury ,here
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Answer:
The question to be asked an investigated when observing a structure under the microscope to determine whether it is living is if it has a nucleus if eukaryote or nucleoid if prokaryote.
Explanation:
The major organelle that must be present in all living cells is the nucleus or nucleoid and the protoplasm. The observation of the cell under the microscope will show the subcellular entity, nucleus/nucleoid, more pronounced than other organelles in the cell. The nucleus house the necessary information for the maintenance and reproduction, which is mainly the genetic information that dictates the translational protein products that are needed to build another aspect of the cells. Therefore, when such a tiny structure is placed under the light microscope under the view of oil immersion, the nucleus of the cell should be visible if it is a living structure.
