The answer is B. The only explanation I can give is that A and C are wrong because the legislative, judicial, and executive branches all share power. As far as D goes, the states' own laws don't really affect each other so there is no need for the power to be shared among them. Anything outside of the state becomes federal.
... frustrations with how independence had led to situations where caudillos (authoritarian leaders) rose to power.
Bolivar had wanted a united Spanish America, a great nations, but the wars of independence had tended to result in charismatic military rulers leading their own countries in authoritarian ways -- what we today would call dictators.
The British Channel gave Britain a great advantage. At one point, the German Luftwaffe (air force) tried to invade the island, but the attempt failed and it was never attempted again
Calvin's idea is that the "elect" are those that are predestined for heaven, that who will go to heaven and hell is predetermined by God. This meant for a more liberal place in society, because what you actually did in life and what others did, didn't matter as much, you couldn't change your fate.
