You didn't provide us the text excerpt for your question, so let me simply provide some details concerning the Catholic Reformation.
The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation in a number of ways intended to strengthen its own stance and its hold on church power. This movement by the Catholic Church is known as the Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation. It included a number of features, such as:
- The formation of religious orders that aimed to build allegiance to Rome and the papacy, and to educate people in Catholic teaching. The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits for short, was a key order of this sort. The order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, along with Francis Xavier and several others.
- The Council of Trent served to reform some abuses that were acknowledged by the Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences and the practice of selling church offices (simony). The council also aimed to improve priests' knowledge. The <em>Roman Catechism</em>, also known as the <em>Catechism of the Council of Trent</em>, was commissioned by the Council and was published in 1566, with the intent of thoroughly educating the church's clergy.
- Beyond the reforms noted concerning the Council of Trent, mostly that Council served to reassert the full authority of Roman power and doctrine over the Protestant threat. The Council of Trent held meetings over a span of years from 1545 to 1563.
- The Roman Inquisition was founded in 1542 to act as an investigative body in regard to threats to Rome's teachings. About a century later, Galileo would be one of the most famous persons tried by the Roman Inquisition.
I would say that the Mayan and Aztec civilizations influence would be especially in the architecture of their buildings and pyramids. The Mayans had well laid out stone complexes complete with temples, ball courts and had carved stelae or mythical figures in the complexes. The Aztecs had pyramids also, like the Temples of the Sun and Moon at Tenochtitlan near Mexico laid out according to their astronomical observations.
North America was the closest comparison. The mongol empire covered 9.15 million square miles of land while North America covers 9.54 million square miles of land.
Churchill<span> claimed that the </span>Soviet Union did<span> not want a war, but to get the fruits of war and indefinite amount of expansion.</span>
Steamboats, introduced in 1807, disrupt the natural environment by the need for fuel lead to deforestation and air pollution.
The first Steamboat, known as the clermont on the Hudson River in 1807, Robert Fulton ad Robert Livingston introduced the first Steamboat. It became the prefered mode of water transportation.
