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Answer:
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava > The blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle >From the right ventricle, the blood flows through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery > The right and left pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the right and left lungs for gas exchange > The blood releases carbon dioxide as waste and picks up a fresh supply of oxygen > The oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary veins from the lungs into the left atrium > From the left atrium, the blood flows through the bicuspid, or mitral valve into the left ventricle > Left ventricular contraction forces blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circulation
Explanation:
Answer:
The correct answer is b. Immunogens
Explanation:
Immunogens are the antigens that can trigger the immune response in the body once gets inside the body. Any antigen having capacity to excite a immune response against them is called immunogens but not every antigen is immunogen.
An antigen is called immunogen when it has some characteristic features like foreignness, high molecular weight and chemical complexity. An immunogen can initiate both innate and adaptive immune response. Adaptive immune response is memory based and very specific for any particular immunogen.
Some common immunogens are: bacteria, virus, drugs, chemicals, dust, toxins.
Answer:
Given
Per Kg of body mass, there is 3 gram of potassium
And abundance of three isotopes are as follows
Potassium-39, Potassium-40, and Potassium-41. Have abundances respectively as 93.26%, 0.012% and 6.728%.
1) A body weighing 80 Kg will have 240 grams of potassium. And the amount of Potassium-40 will be 0.012% of 240 gram
= 240*0.012/100 = 0.0288 gram.
2) Dose in (Gy) = (energy absorbed)/(mass of the body) = ( 1.1*106*1.6*10-19)/(80) = 22*10-10 J/kg
Dose (in siverts) = RBE*Dose(in Gy) = 1.2*22*10-10 = 26.4*10-10
Answer:
The white blood cells i.e. granulocytes and macrophages are specifically stimulated by GM-CSF in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Explanation:
The colony stimulating factors (CSFs) are the regulators of granulocytes and macrophages in blood. The CSFs has the potential to regenerate the white blood cells damaged during chemotherapy. Thus, CSFs mobilize the stem cells to enhance the immune process and produce hematopoietic cells such as granulocytes, macrophages in cancer patients. The CSFs resemble hormones that are specifically targeted to produce blood cells in specified regions where the quantity of those cells is low. The CSFs belong to a group of regulatory factors also known as cytokines and does not produce only a single cell type but stimulates colonies of different blood cell types for any specific organ. Hematopoietic cells produced by CSF are step-wise and formation of blast colonies take place initially. Afterwards, the blast cells regenerate and differentiated into multiple progenitor cells consisting of granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophills, erythroids, and lymphocytes. The progenitor cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage matures into neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.
Out of all types of CSF colonies, the Granulocyte-Macrophage (GM-CSF) colony is specially involved in regenerating immune responses in cancer patients. These cytokines stimulates the dendritic cell formation and produces dendritic activity against the cancerous cells. These GM-CSF colonies enhance the immune response of host against melanomas, tumors by reducing their growth and inducing remission. Hence, it can be said that granulocytes and macrophages are infection protective cells and elevates dangerously low levels of white blood cells in cancer patients following chemotherapy. The GM-CSF induction regenerates the bone marrow which is damaged and improves stem cells production.
