Answer:
Horizontal
Explanation:
Horizontal gene transfer may be defined as the transfer of the genetic material from the parents to their offspring. Three main methods of horizontal gene transfer are conjugation, transformation and transduction.
The transfer of plasmid among the members of bacterial community mainly occur by the horizontal gene transfer. This transfer of genetic material allows the bacteria to withstand at extreme conditions, confer antiobiotic resistance and increase their chance of survival in the environment.
Thus, the answer is horizontal gene transfer.
Answer:
antimicrobial peptides
Explanation:
Antimicrobial peptides are short-chained amino acids that are produced as a result of the innate immune defense which can kill various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
The structure of these antimicrobial peptides consists of a large portion of hydrophobic residues along with positively charged residues such as arginine and lysine.
Antimicrobial peptides employ the use of various mechanisms to combat the pathogens that enter the body. Some of these mechanisms are ;
1. Destabilizastion of membrane.
2. Formation of transmembrane channels
3. Functioning as immunomodulators.
3. A. They help separate the chromosomes
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them towards different poles of the cell during the final phases of mitosis. The result is two identical cells with the same chromosomes.
4. C. A cell plate
A cell plate is a structure found in plant cells on the top and bottom of the cell. It is a perforated wall made of cellulose and it allows for substances to move in and out of the cell, as the outer most layer of a plant cell, the cell wall, is impermeable.
they share 50% of their genetic information with each other.
