An electorate (electoral college in modern terms) Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
During the changes of state known as D. vaporization and sublimation do the atoms overcome the attractive forces between them.
Temporary Party Organization
The answer you are looking for is "genes".
For example by a farmer digging in the ground. Or by workers building new road.