Answer:
Skin serves as a protective barrier, a way to sense the world, and a layer that keeps nutrients and water inside the body. Four types of cells make up the skin, and they are produced mainly in the epidermis near the basement membrane. Keratinocytes contain structural keratin and make up the bulk of the epidermis.
There are different categories you can pick from example Predation
Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
Answer:
The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the right and left brachiocephalic veins.
Explanation:
The superior vena cava is one of the main veins of the human body, it is responsible for receiving blood from the head, neck, upper chest and upper limbs. It is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins, they originate from the junction of the subclavian vein with the internal jugular vein to form the right and left brachiocephalic venous trunk, both trunks join or merge into a single trunk and they form the superior vena cava, which flows into the upper part of the right atrium.
It seems that you have missed the necessary options for us to answer this question, so I had to look for it. Anyway, here is the answer. Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates and the way that these two molecules differ from each other is that, t<span>estosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton. Hope this helps.</span>
