What is the function of the mitochondria within a cell?

1 answer:

8 0

Mitochondria produce ATP through process of cellular respiration—specifically, aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen. The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria. This cycle involves the oxidation of pyruvate, which comes from glucose, to form the molecule acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is in turn oxidized and ATP is produced.

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Place all eight of these steps of the insulin signaling pathway in the correct order. The abbreviation PIP 2 is used for phospha

DedPeter [7]

Answer:

The correct insulin pathway is described as under:

2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor

8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase

3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins

6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)

4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3

7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)

5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane

Explanation:

The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.

Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.

5 0

3 years ago

Which of the following would be a good adaptation for an organism that lives in the intertidal zone?

barxatty [35]

The right answer is A.

The foreshore, also called intertidal zone, is the tidal zone of the tides on the coast. The alternation of the tides which discover more or less the substrate according to the phases of the Moon determines the conditions of humidity, salinity and temperature of the foreshore.

These variations lead to a vertical ecological structuring of the foreshore in so-called supralittoral, mediolittoral and infralittoral stages. The floristic and faunistic stands of these stages are distinct, according to the requirements of organisms in water, salinity and temperature. Therefore it would be beneficial for organisms living in this period that it can live without depending on the water present in their environment since the presence of the latter is inconstant.

The foreshore is divided into several floors that correspond to different ecological conditions. These coastal stages are defined by the duration of their emergence and therefore by the level of the different tides.

5 0

2 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Before a volcanic eruption:

Andreyy89

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