Answers:
a) carcinogenic
b) anti-carcinogenic
c) carcinogenic
d) carcinogenic
e) carcinogenic
f) anti-carcinogenic
g) anti-carcinogenic
h) anti-carcinogenic
Explanation:
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progression through the cell cycle, i.e., the transition of G1 to S phase. It is well known that high cyclin expression may lead to cell proliferation states, which is closely associated with cancer progression. Moreover, the blockage of cyclins may have an anti-carcinogenic effect by inhibiting the progression through the cell cycle. MAP kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the progression through the cell cycle by phosphorylating a variety of substrates during cell proliferation. In consequence, phosphatases that inactivate MAPK kinases (i.e., by dephosphorylation) may have an anticarcinogenic effect. The p53 is a tumor suppressor protein involved in diverse cellular processes including DNA repair, cycle arrest and programmed cell death. This protein (p53) is activated by phosphorylation at target residues and phosphatases inactivate it, thereby the blockage of its degradation may have an anticarcinogenic effect. Oncogene activation (i.e., the expression of oncogenes), may alter diverse cellular processes including DNA replication, and thereby may lead to cancer development. The G-protein α subunit is a GTPase that hydrolyses GTP and thus has a major role in controlling the kinetics of the G-protein signaling cascade. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) are kinase receptors that play roles in regulating cellular differentiation, cell proliferation and cell growth. PDGFR receptors are present on the surface of normal cells, however, it has been shown that mutations of the PDGFR genes that lead to their high expression lead to uncontrolled cell growth and consequently cause cancer (i.e., by increasing PDGF signaling).
It would be fish! And out of all the fish (bass) have the lowest energy level. ✔
Which part of the urinary system is shared with the reproductive system in males? Well, the (urethra) conducts urine for the urinary system and semen for the reproductive system in males.
The answer is urethra
Answer:
sieve-tube elements, companion cells
Explanation:
Sieve-tube elements and companion cells are responsible for the movement of photosynthes through a plant.
The sieve tube elements are shorter (almost organelle-free) living cells, placed end to end, forming the sieve tubes. Their transverse cell walls are called sieve plaques that make connections between cells and through openings called sieves establish the connection between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Each sieve is coated with calose (glucose polymer), which in winter can completely clog the vessel and then dissolve in spring. When infections occur or the vessel is parasitized, it can also be clogged with callose.
Companion cells are specialized parenchymal cells, which contain all the components that exist in living cells, including the nucleus, are the cells most closely linked to the sieved tube element. The Screened Tube Element and its companion cells are related in development, are derived from the same mother cell, and have several cytoplasmic connections to each other. Due to the many connections, the potential function of the companion cells is to release substances into the sieved tube element and, when the nucleus is absent, to include information molecules, proteins and ATP. When a screened element dies, its companion cells also die, which is a demonstration of this interdependence.
