Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene. For example, pea plants can have red flowers and either be homozygous dominant (red-red), or heterozygous (red-white). If they have white flowers, then they are homozygous recessive (white-white). Carriers are always heterozygous.
Homozygous is a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes. It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait.
A synovial joint is surrounded by a two layer <em>joint capsule</em> which encloses a fluid filled space called the <em>synovial cavity</em>. The outer layer of this structure consists of <em>dense connective tissue</em> which is continuous with the periosteum of each bone. The outer layer may be reinforced by <em>ligaments</em> which are bundles of collagenous fibers. Some of these bundles are part of the capsule while other are located outside of the capsule. By definition, the structures, such as some ligaments, that are located outside the capsule are called <em>accessory structures</em>. The inner layer of the joint capsule is the <em>synovial membrane</em>, consisting of loose connective tissue. The inner lining of the joint capsule secretes a fluid called <em>synovial fluid</em>. This fluid is viscous, and moistens and lubricates the surfaces within the joint capsule
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By changing a gene's instructions for making a protein, a mutation can cause the protein to malfunction or to be missing entirely. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a medical condition
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D. The cell is the basic unit of living things
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