Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This article, Article 231<span>, later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay </span>reparations<span> to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks (then $31.4 billion or £6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £284 billion in 2017). At the time economists, notably </span>John Maynard Keynes, predicted that the treaty was too harsh—a "Carthaginian peace<span>"—and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive, views that, since then, have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries. On the other hand, prominent figures on the Allied side such as French </span>Marshal Ferdinand Foch<span> criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently.</span>
