Answer:Biological structures are able to adapt their growth to external mechanical stimuli and impacts. For example, when plants are under external loads, such as wind force and self-weight, the overloaded zones are reinforced by local growth acceleration and the unloaded zones stop growing or even shrink. Such phenomena are recorded in the annual rings of trees. Through his observation of the stems of spruce, K. Metzger, a German forester and author, realized that the final goal of the adaptive growth exhibited by biological structures over time is to achieve uniform stress distribution within them. He published his discovery in 1893.12 A team of scientists at Karlsruhe Research Centre adopted Metzger's observations and developed them to one single design rule: the axiom of uniform stress. The methods derived from this rule are simple and brutally successful like nature itself. An excellent account of the uniform-stress axiom and the optimization methods derived from it is given by Claus Mattheck in his book ‘Design in Nature’.13 The present study utilizes one of these methods, stress-induced material transformation (SMT), to optimize the cavity shape of dental restorations.
Explanation:
All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except third and fourth heart sounds.
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The blood flow in human body is always described to be laminar. Some conditions cause the high flow when there is an ascending aorta. This causes the laminar flow of blood into turbulent. When this occurs the flow of the blood will not be smooth and linear.
When the kinetic energy in the fluid flow increases the turbulent flow of blood occurs. Both the magnitude and the direction of the flow changes in this type of blood flow. These are caused by the irregularities in the vessel walls, flow rates to ne higher and opening of the valves of the heart.
Answer:
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