The congress of Vienna was supposed to ensure future disputes would be settled in a manner that would avoid the terrible wars of the previous twenty years.
<u>B. Jim Crow laws</u>
<u>Jim Crow laws </u>were a series of restrictions on black civil rights that enforced racial segregation in the United States. They were enacted especially in the Southern States of America through almost a century, from 1877 to the beginning of the Civil Right Movement in the 1950s,
The statutes prohibited African American to attend and be in certain places where White people were, such as neighborhoods, restrooms, building entrances, elevators, cemeteries, amusement-park, cashier windows, churches, hospitals, jails, universities, etc.
Three Estates : The french society was divided into three estates-the clergy or first estate, the nobility or second estate and commons or third estate. The first two estate though constitute a microscopic minority controlled more than 95% of french wealth and land. They did not pay any tax and lived a luxurious life. They made the third estate to work in their homes and fields and exploited them in many ways. On the other hand the third estate constitute more than 95% of french population but controlled roughly 5% of french wealth and land. They alone had to pay taxes to the king. So this inequality and exploitation made them to go against the king. Moreover they were provided leadership and inspiration by bourgeois class who despite having wealth and status were put in third estate. So in this way the three estate contributed to mood of revolution.
Enlightenment ideas : The enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality inspired the french people particularly third estate and thus contributed to the mood of revolution in France.
Economic Crises : There were economic bankruptcy during the period due to unfair tax structure, outdated medieval bureaucratic institutions and empty treasury due to lavish spending by king and nobility. It also contributed to the french revolution.
Weak leadership : The king Lious XI was a weak and efficient ruler. He was busy in luxurious life when the country was suffering economic and political turmoil which also contributed to the mood of revolution in France.
