Orville Wright piloted the powered airplane.
The answer is After the response.
Reinorcement and punishment need to be associated within the person's mind after he/she complete a certain behavior/response.
After it's all associated, that person will develop a tendency to conduct the conditioned behavior because he/she associated that behavior with positive outcome.
Most likely, yes.
Different cultures value different ideas, different upbringings and have different value systems in general. All of these differences lead to different people in terms of their preferences and choices. Because all this exists, we can very safely say that a personal identity would also be different in a different culture.
A veteran is a former member of the Armed Forces of the United State (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Crops, and Coast Guard) who served on active duty and was discharged under conditions, which were other than dishonorable