Answer:
a type of substitution where ect.
Explanation:
i think sorry if i'm wrong.
Families I think
Because usually when a organism is a a similar type of species the scientific names have some type of similar root. So that crosses out everything else so that’s the only option available
The answer is D.crust and upper mantle
Even when they are not using an electron transport chain (ETC), fermenting bacteria need a proton motive force (PMF) for transport processes.
The proton motive force (PMF) is an electrochemical gradient of protons that bacteria produce and sustain across their cytoplasmic membrane. Numerous crucial bacterial functions, including ATP production, flagellar motility, and transport processes, depend on this PMF. Proton motive force (PMF) is a fundamental component of all bacterial growth and survival in both replicating and non-replicating environments. Energy is conserved during respiration by producing PMF across a proton-impermeable barrier.
Learn more about proton motive force (PMF) here:
brainly.com/question/8309401
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