For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, 10 HYDROGEN IONS are pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is Oxidative phosphorylation ?</h3>
During oxidative phosphorylation, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) helps to carry electrons from one reaction to another across a series of molecular complexes.
- The electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation is coupled to the generation of an electrochemical proton (H+) gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- Subsequently, this proton H+ gradient is then used to produce ATP by an ATP synthetase.
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<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
C.) The number of differences in a specific DNA sequence of two species is multiplied by a known mutation rate to determine the number of years of evolution that separate the two species.
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- Molecular clocks are used to date origin of species. They are based on the observation that random mutations accumulate in genes at a fairly constant rate
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- Once a mutation rate is determined it can be used to establish dates of divergence of species.
- Molecular clocks can be used in putting a series of evolutionary events into chronological order, by comparing sequences from different species to determine when they last shared a common ancestor, in effect drawing the family tree.
The frist ceratopsian species, Yinlong downsi, lived between 161.2 and 155.7 millionyears ago, and the last ceratopsian species, Triceratops prorsus, became extinct 66 million years ago. Hope that helps!
Answer:
The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun and the Earth's rotation around its tilted axis.
Answer:
the materials to make the product