With the onset of the bitter winter cold, the Continental Army under General George Washington, still in the field, enters its winter camp at Valley Forge, 22 miles from British-occupied Philadelphia. Washington chose a site on the west bank of the Schuylkill River that could be effectively defended in the event of a British attack.
During 1777, Patriot forces under General Washington suffered major defeats against the British at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown; Philadelphia, the capital of the United States, fell into British hands. The particularly severe winter of 1777-1778 proved to be a great trial for the American army, and of the 11,000 soldiers stationed at Valley Forge, hundreds died from disease. However, the suffering troops were held together by loyalty to the Patriot cause and to General Washington, who stayed with his men. As the winter stretched on, Prussian military adviser Frederick von Steuben kept the soldiers busy with drills and training in modern military strategy.
When Washington’s army marched out of Valley Forge on June 19, 1778, the men were better disciplined and stronger in spirit than when they had entered. Nine days later, they won a victory against the British under Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey.
- The British first assumed control of India by fighting a terrible war
- The British East India Company only handled company business matters.
India was considered the most important colony of the British Empire and, therefore, the term British India was coined. The territory of India was under total control of the United Kingdom.
British India was a multicultural environment, formed by different races, languages and religions, especially the Indo-Europeans and the Mongolian race. In this period, the territory of India had more than 3 thousand languages and dialects and the religion of Brahmanism (Hinduism) was the most important.
England had a viceroy in Indian territory, who represented the highest authority in the colony and was responsible for accountability to the British Empire in London.
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