The Reformation created division within Europe. In Spain most people were Catholic. In the northern countries most people were Protestant. The Holy Roman Empire was a patchwork of small kingdoms, some Catholic.
"<span>They wanted to establish an independent nation" was not a reason why </span>Europeans undertook sea explorations in the Northwest, since they were working for their homelands.
<span>Only white, land-owning males were allowed to vote when the US Constitution was written. </span>