The first person to sail around Africa and to reach India ( and to get some precious spices from there!) was Portuguese Vasco da Gama, who did this in his journey that started in 1497 and reached India in 1498 ( and returned in 1499)
Answer:
In the deep ocean layers where the sunlight does not reach, these organisms that are chemoautotrophic use sulfides from the hydrothermal vents to perform chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis.
Explanation:
Chemoautotrophic organisms are the ones that are adapted to the absence of sunlight. Such organisms identify electron donors in their vicinity and derive energy from the oxidation reactions that these electron donors (mostly, inorganic compounds) undergo.
The major reason for the development of such a trait in these organisms is the depth that they live at. On deep-sea floors, there is an abundance of sulfides. Thus, the organisms living on there make use of the sulfides to fix carbon and obtain energy the required energy to sustain.
The process of chemosynthesis occurring on deep-sea floors due to the presence of carbon, sulfides, and oxygen culminates in the production of organic materials as an end result which the organisms feed on and sustain even when there is no sunlight available. These organisms majorly belong to the bacteria species called Archaea and Extremophiles.
Council-manager system is a form of city government with an elected city council and a hired professional who oversees day-to-day operations.
In council-manager authorities, an elected city council serves as the town's number one legislative frame and appoints a major executive officer known as a city manager to oversee day after day municipal operations to draft a price range, and implement and put in force the council's policy and legislative tasks.
The council-manager form is the device of nearby authorities that mixes the strong political management of elected officials inside the shape of a council or other governing body, with the robust managerial revel in of an appointed neighborhood government manager.
The Council-manager form encourages open communication among citizens and their authorities. In this form, each member of the governing frame has an equal voice in coverage improvement and administrative oversight.
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