I honestly havent read the book but it looks interesting so once i read it I can answer your question
Answer:
the answer is a dependent clause
No. It should be: Robby Ross sipped his coffee before it cooled. As a result, his tongue burned.
Answer:
A) Laura Dekker became the youngest person to sail solo around the world.
B) After sailing more than 27,000 nautical miles
C) After
Explanation:
For C, after links a dependent clause to an independent clause.
A and B don't even need explanations.
"Themes may be specific to one culture or apply to multiple cultures" is the only statement that is true, since themes can vary widely both in subject and interpretation by the reader.